125. by
- 방법을 나타낼 때
send something by mail, contant somebody by phone / by e-mail / by fax
do something by hand, pay by check / by credit card
예문
- Can I pay by credit card?
- You can contact by phone, by fax, or by e-mail
그러나 현금으로 지불할 때는 pay cash / pay in cash 라고 한다.( by cash )
by mistake / by accident / by chance: 실수로, 우연히
- We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.
그러나 의도적으로 뭔가를 할 때는 do something on purpose 라고 한다.
- I didn't do it on purpose. It was and accident
주의: by chance, by check 등의 표현에는 a / the 없이 사용한다.
- 교통수단을 나타 낼 때
by car / by train / by plane / by boat / by ship / by bus / by bike / by road / by rail / by air / by sea / by subway
예문
- Daewon usually goes to work by bus.
- Do you prefer to travel by plane or by train?
그러나 걸어서 간다고 할 때는 on foot 이라고 한다.
예문
- Did you come here by car or on foot?
my car / the train / a taxi 등에는 by를 쓸 수 없다. by + 명사에는 a / the / my 등을 쓰지 않는다.
by car 그러나 in my car( by my car )
by train 그러나 on the train( by the train )
승용차, 택시에는 in 사용
- They didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi.
자전거, 대중교통에는 on 사용
- We came on the 6:45 train.
- ( 수동태에서 ) by 사람 / 사물: ...에 의하여
예문
- Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
- The program was watched by million of people.
by vs. with
- The door must have been opened with a key.(
by a key)
( 누군가 열쇠를 사용하여 문을 열었음) - The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.
( 열쇠를 가진 어떤 사람에 의해 문이 열렸음 )
a play by Shakespeare / a painting by Rembranddt / a novel by Tolstoy
예문
- Have you read anything by Ernest Hemingway?
- 옆에라는 의미( = next to / beside )
예문
- Come and sit by me.( = beside me )
- A: Where is the light switch?
B: By the door.
- 차이를 나타낼 때
TIP
- Daewon's salary has just gone up from $3,000 a month to $3,300. So it has increased by $300 / by 10 percent
( 월급이 300달러 / 10 퍼센트 인상되었음 ) - Minsu and Soonghoon ran a 100 meter race. Soonghoon won by about ten meters.( 숭훈이가 약 10미터의 차이로 이겼음 )